A Short History of The Saracens

Ch I: Arabia-Its Geographical and physical condition- The Ancient Arabs. Ch II: Early History: Kossay- Abdul Muttalib- The Abyssinian Attack-The Birth of Muhammad-His Ministry- The Hegira. Ch III: Mohammad at Medina-Factions in Medina- the Charter- the Death of Mohammad. Ch IV: The Repulic: Abu Bakr- Instructions-War with Persia and the Romans-Abu Bakr’s Death- Omar-Conquest of chaldaea and Mesopotamia-Persia- Defeat of the Romans-Conquest of Syria, Palestine, and Egypt- Death of Omar. Ch V: Osman-His favouritism-Osman’s death-Ali-Rebellion of Muawiyah-Battle of Siffin-The Kharijis-Assassination of Ali- End of the Republic. Ch VI: Retrospect- Government-Policy-Administration-The Army- Social Life: Ch VII: The Ommeyades (The Harbite Branch) Hassan- His Abdication- Muawiyah- the Usurpation- Tribal Dissensions- The Modharites- The Himyar5ites or Yemenites- Effect of Tribal Discord on Islam- The Extension of the Empire- The Death of Muawiah-Yazid I. Hussain-The Massacre of Kerbela- The rising in Hijaz-Syrian victory at Harra-The Sack of Medina-Death of Yezid I. Muawiyah II. Abdullah the son of Zubair- Oath of Fealty of him in Hijaz. Ch VIII: Merwin, son of Hakam Accepted as the Chief of the Qmmeyades- Battle of Marj Rahat- Destruction of the Syrian Modhar- Merwan’s Treachery- the Penitents-The Death of Merwan- Abdul Malik, The Ruler of Syria- The Rise of Mukhtar- The Destruction of the Murderers of Hussain- The Death of Mukhtar- Musaab- Invsion of Hijaz by Abdul Malik’s army- Siege of Mecca- Death of Abdullah, the son of Zubair (the Meccan Caliph) Abdul Malik, Chief of Islam- The Tyrant Hajjaj, Progress in Africa- War With the Romans- The Kharijis-Abdul Malik’s death. Ch IX: Walid I: Conquests in the East: Progress in Africa- Musa bin Nusair, Viceroy of the West-Condition of Spain- The oppression of Roderick-Tarick bin Ziad Lands at Gibraltar- the battle of medina Sodonia- Death of Roderick- Conqeust of Spain- Advance into Frame-Recall of Musa and Tarick- Character of the Saracenic administration in Spain- The provinces. The effect of the trial jealousies- Death of Walid I. His character. Ch X: Accession of Sulaiman- Fall of Musa and tarick- Death of Abdul Aziz, Son of Musa- Tribal Dissensions- The Yemenites- the Rise of Yezid, son of Muhallib- Siege of Constantinople- Moslem Reverses- Death of Sulaiman- Accession of Omar II. His Wise and virtuous Reign-Retreat from Constantinople- Omar’s death- Accession of Yezid II. Instruction of Yezid, son of Muhalib- Destruction of the Yemenites- Tribal dissensions- Moslem reverses- death of Yezid II. The Abbassides. Ch XI: Accession of Hisham- Trouble state of the Empire- Hisham’s Character-Affairs in the East- In Armenia- in Africa-The Revolt of the Kharijis and Berbers- “The Battle of the Nobles” –Hanzala- Defeat of the Berbers-Spain-Intestine dissensions-Frequent change of Gvoenors-Appointement of Abdur Rahman al-Ghafeki-Invasion of Northern France-Battle of Tours-Monkish Exaggeration- Fresh invasion of France- Capture of avignon- Okbha’s Victories- His Death-Internecine Quarrels-Ruin of the Arab Cause in France- Fall of Khalid al-Kasri- Rising of Zaid in Irak- His Death-The Abbassside Propagada- Appearance of Abu Muslim- Death of Hisham. Ch XII: The Extent of the Empire at Hisham’s Death- character of his Successor- His Cruelty towards his Relations- khalid al-Kasri put to death0 Yahya bin Zaid’s rising and death- Its effect on the people of Khorasan-Affairs in Spain- Hussain (Abu’l Khattar), Governor of Spain- Submission of all Parites- His mild and just government at the Outset-His partiality for the Yemenites- insurrection of the Modhar- Battle of Shekundah- Election of Thaalabah- His Death-Election of Yusuf- The Knight of Andalusia- his Death-Arrival of abdur Rahman, Grandson of Hisham, in Spain- Invasion of Pepin the Short- Massacre of the Saracens- Siege of Narbonne- Captureed by Treachery- Arab power effaced in France- Affairs in Africa- Insurrection against Walid. II.-His Death-Yezid III. Proclaimed Caliph- His Death-Succession of Ibrahim-revolt of Merwan- Battle of Ain Ul-Jar Flight of Ibrahim- Merwan Proclaimed Caliph. Ch XIII: Merwan II. His Character- Insurrections- Rising in Khorasan- Abu Muslim- The Persian Revolt- Defeat and death of Nasr, Governor of Khorasan-Death of Ibrahim, the Abbasside Imam-Defeat of the Ommeyades at Nehawand-defeat of the viceroy of Irak- proclamation of Saffah as caliph- Battle of the Zab-Defeat of Merwan- His Flight-Capture of Damascus- Abbasside vindictiveness-Death of Merwan- Las of the Ommeyades- The Causes of the Ommeyade downfall. Ch XIV: Retrospect: The Government-Revenues- Administration- Military Service-Currency Reform of Abdul Malik- Damascus- Court Life- Society- The Position of Women- Introduction of the system of Seclusion- Dress - Literature-Religious and philosophical Sects. Ch XV: The Abbassides-Saffah and Mansur: The resign f Saffah- His Death- Accession of Mansur- his character- Revolt of Abdullah bin Ali –Death of Abu Muslim- Bagdad founded- Manifestation of Mohamamd and Ibrahim al- hassani- Their defeat and death-Invasion of Spain-its failure- irruption of the Khazars-Byzantine inroad- Death of Mansur. Ch XVI: Accession of Madhi- His magnificent reign- His Humanity- The Zindikhs-War with the Romans- Irene agrees to pay tribute- Mahdi’s death- Accession of hadi-The separation of Mauritania- Hadi’s Death. Ch XVII: Rashid and Amin, Accesion of the Harun ar-Rashid- His Character- Glorious reign-The Barmekies—Grant of autonomy to Ifrikia- Affairis in Asia- Arrangement for the Succession to the Caliphate- Amin and Mamun made Successors- Division of the Empire- Fall of the Barmekides- An Arab Joan of arc- The Roman war- Treachery of Nicephorus- his Defeat –A Fresh treaty- Byzantine breach of faith- Its result-Rashid’s death- ascension of Amin-His Character- Declares war against Mamun-Tahir Defeats Amin’s Troops-Siege of Bagdad- Mamun acknowledged as Caliph at Mecca and Medina-Amin’s Death. Ch XVIII: Mimum at Merv-Disorders in Bagdad- Death of Imam Ali ar-Riza- Mamun at Bagdad- War with the Greeks- Rationalism-Mamun’s death-His Character- Intellectual development of the Saracens under Mamun—Accession of Mutasim-Change of Capital-Formation of the Turkish guard- Capture of Babek-defeat of the Greeks-Death of Mutasim- Accession of Wasik- His Character- His Death. Ch XIX: Mutawakkil, the Nero of the Arabs- The Decline of the Empire- Muntassir- Mustain- Mutazz- the Negro Insurrection- The Suffarides- Muhtadi- Mutamid- the Negro Insurrection Suppressed- Mutazid- the Rise of the Fatimides- Karmathians- their Devastations- Muktafi- Restoration of Egypt to the Caliphate- the Samanides- Muktadir-Kahir-Razi- Muttaki- The Buyides- The Mayors of the Palace- Mustakfi- The Ghaznavides- Mutii- Taii- Kadir- Kaim- the Seljukides- Tughril, Beg. Ch XX: Karim B’amr-Illah, the Caliph-Tughril Beg-War with the Byzantines- Tughirl’s Death- Accession of Alp Arslan- The Roman Invasion-Battle of Malaz kard- Roman Defeat- Diogenes Romanus made Prisoner- treaty of peace- Diogrenes Romansus Blinded and Killed by his Subjects-Death of Alp Arslan- Accession of Malik Shah- Death of Kaim-Accession of Muktadi as Caliph- Malik Shah’s Glorious reign- the Rise of the Assassins- Hassan Sabah- Assassination of Nizam ul-Mulk-Death of Malik of Malik Shah- Disputes among his sons- Death of Caliph- Muktadi bi’amr-llah- Accession of Mustazhir b’ Illah- The Beginning of the Crusades – Siege of Antioch- Its Capture- Slaughter of the Saracens- Destruction of Maraa’t un-Noman- Butchery in Jerusalem- Sack of Tripoli. Ch XXI: Caliph Mustazhir- Sultan Barkyaruk- His Wars with Tutush, His uncle, and his brother Mohammad- Death of Barkyaruk- Accession of Mohammad to the Sulanate- discord among the Vassals- the Progress of the Crusaders- Death of the Sultan Mohammad- Death of the Caliph Mustazhir- Accession of the Caliph Mustarshid, Sultan Sanjar, Sultan of the East- Sultan Mahmud, of Irak, and Syria- Rise of Imad ud-din Zangi (Sanguin) death of Mahmud- Accession of Sultan Masud- Assassination Masud- Accession of Muktafi as Caliph- War of Zangi with The Crusaders- His Victories- The Death of Zangi- the Accessaders- Death of Muktafi and accession of Caliph Mustanjid- the Dispatch of Shirkuh to Egypt- Annexation of Egypt- Rise of Saladin- Death of Mustanjid- Accession of Caliph Mustazii- Death of Nur ud-din Mahmud.

Ch XXII: The Caliph Nasir-Malik Saleh Ismail, Prince of Damascus- Saladin invited to Damascus- War between Saladin and Malik Saleh- Saladin, Ruler of Syria- Invested with the title of Sutlan- Malik Saleh’s death- Saladin’s power- the kingdom of Jerusalem- the Crusaders break the truce- Battle of tiberias- Rout of the Crusaders- Conquest of Acre, Naplus, Jericho, etc, Siege of Jerusalem- Its capitualation- Humanity of Saladin- The Third Crusades- Siege of acre- heroic defence-the Crusaders’ defeats- Death of Frederick Barbarossa- Arrival of the Kings of France and England- Acre Taken-Cruelty of Richard Coeur de Lion- Ascalon rased to the ground by Saladin- peace with Richard- Death of Saladin- His character. Ch XXIII: Saladin’s sons-Rise of al-Malik al-Aadil- the Fourth Crusade- The Sons of al-Malik al-Aadil- General review of the Islamic world in the East- the Caliphate- Caliph Az- Zahir-The Caliph Mustansir- The Caliph Mustaasim- The Eruption of the Tartars- Fall of Bagdad- Destruction of Islamic Civilisation. Ch XXIV: Retropsect. The Caliphate- Nominally elective- Government- The nomination of a Successor- the Oath of allegiance- Its sacramental character- the political machinery-policy- Administration- the Governorships- Provincial divisions- The Vizier- The Departments of state- Courts of Justice- Agriculture- Manufacture- Revenues of the Empire- The Army- Military tacties- the Navy. Ch XXV: Retrospect (continued) Bagdad-Its structures-Architecture- The Caliph’s court- Sociai Life- Dress- Women-Their position- Music- Literature- Philosophy-Science and Arts- Reationalism- The ikhwan-us-Safe (The Brothers of Purity). Ch XXVI: The Saracens of Spain- The Ommeyades. Abdur Rahman Lands in Spain- The Battle of Masarah- Revolt of the nobles- Frankish intrigues- Invasion of Charlemagne- Battle of Roncesvalles- Abdur Rahman’s death- His character- Accession of Hisham I. His Character- His just and mild rule- War with the Franks and Christian Tribes- Maliki doctrines introduced- Hisham’s death- Accession of hakam I. His character- His unpopularity among the Fakihs- The revolt in Cordova- Suppressed- Rioters expelled- Toledo- Death of Hakam- Accession of Abdur Rahman II. His Prosperous reign-the raids of the Christian tribesmen- their Submission- the Appearance of the Normans- Christian agitation in Cordova- Abdur Rahman’s death- Accession of Mohammed- His Character- Christian mutiny stamped out- Fresh inroad of the Normans- their defeat- Rebellions- death of Mohammad- Accession of Munzir- His death- Successed by Abdullah- His disturbed reign- His Death- the Saracens enter Savoy, Piedmont, Liguria, and Switzerland. Ch XXVII: Accession of Abdur Rahman III. Reduces the Insurgents- His Wars with the Christian tribes of the north – Their punishment- Assumes the title of Ameer ul-Mominin- Fresh raids by the Galicians- Introduction of the Slaves into state Service- Battle of al-Khandak- the tribes sue for peace- boundaries withdrawn to the Ebro- War in Africa- Fresh war with the Galicians- Sancho expelled by his Subjects- Iota- Sancho implores Abdur Rahman’s help- Leon, Castile, and Navarre dependencies of the Caliphate- Abdur Rahman’s death- His Character-Accession of Hakam II. His beningnant reign- Success over the Galicians and Navarrese- Expedition into Africa- Hakam’s love of learning-Cordvoa- Its Splendour- Its Extent- Az-Zahra- Chivalry. Ch XXVIII: Accession of Hisham II. – Hajib al-Mansur- His intrigues- Seizes all the powers of the State- His victories over the Christian tribes- His Death- Is succeeded by his son, al- Muzzaffar- His successful Government- Al- Muzzaffar’s death-Hajib Abdur Rahman- Killed-Mahdi seizes the throne- Abdication of Hisham II. Sulaiman Kills Mahdi- Convulsion in Cordova. Ch XXIX: The Muluk-ut-Tawaif or Petty Kings- Their mutual divisions- Gradual extension of the Christian power- the Almoravides- Yusuf bin Tasfin- the battle of Zallaka- Death of yusuf bin Tashfin- Is succeeded by his son Ali- His death-Collapse of the Almoravide empire- The almohades- Abdul Momin-Abu Yakub Yusuf- Abu Yusuf yakub (al-Mansur) Battle of Alarcos- Death of yukuq- Accession of Mohammad an-Nasir- Disaster of al-Aakab-Collapse of the Almohade Empire- Rise of the Banu-Ahmar- the Kingdom of Granada. Ch XXXI: Retrospect: The Kingdom of granda- the city the Alhambra- Al-General-iffe-Arts and learning in Granda- Dress- General review of spain under the Arabs- Government-The functionaries- Economic condition- Manufactures- agriculture- the fine Arts- Learning- Position of women- the women scholars- Pastimes. Ch XXXII: The Saracens in Africa: The Idrisides- the Aghlabides- Invasion of Sicily- Its Conquest the fall of the Aghlabides- the rise of the fatimides- Conquest of Egypt-Foundation of Cairo- Conquest of Syria, Hijaz, and Yemen- Decline of the Fatimides- the end of the dynasty- Cairo- the Grand lodge of the Ismailias. Appendix, Bibliographical Index, Index.

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